by Robert S. Hoover
All reciprocating internal combustion engines used in automobiles are 'air-cooled' in that their waste heat is coupled to the atmosphere.
The main advantage of an air-cooled engine is its lighter weight. The lack of radiator, water pump and hoses translates into lower production costs. A lower parts count should mean less maintenance and greater reliability but this isn't true if the engine is required to operate near maximum output for long periods, as is the case with the Volkswagen.
The success of air-cooling depends on the physical properties of air, such as its density and temperature; thicker air, such as found at sea level, will absorb more heat than thinner, high altitude air such found at Denver, Mexico City, or Bogota. The engine's ability to transfer waste heat to the air mass depends on the velocity of the air flow over the engine's heat conducting surfaces, the surface area of those conducting surfaces and how well they conduct heat.
The success of a specific air-cooled engine, such as the Volkswagen, depends largely on the capacity of its blower, the shape of the air-containment shrouding, and the size & efficiency of its oil cooler. If the displacement of the engine is increased the factors above must be changed to insure the increased heat load can be coupled to the atmosphere.
Background Stuff
The Volkswagen engine design dates from the early 1930's and
reflects remarkable innovation for that period. Using principles
adopted from motorcycle and aircraft engines, the first VW
prototypes were not fitted with any form of oil coolers, depending
on their deeply finned crankcase. When this proved unsuitable, a
variety of oil cooling methods were tried. A surviving photograph
from 1932 shows an engine fitted with an external oil cooler but it
was a plumber's nightmare. By making a minor modification to the
magnesium crankcase casting, it was possible to fit an oil cooler
within the blower housing. Hindsight has shown this to be a
compromise but the engine was less expensive to manufacture than
one having an external oil cooler and appeared capable of meeting
the durability specification of 100,000 kilometers before needing
major overhaul. The original Volkswagen was priced at 1,000 marks;
in the mid-1930's a low-cost car capable of delivering 56,000 miles
of service was unheard of.
The original Volkswagen engine was rated at 22 horsepower, its war-time version at 25. The original blower and oil cooler design proved adequate for the task except in Africa. Engine problems usually involved the failure of the #3 exhaust valve. The #3 cylinder received the majority of its cooling air from the exhaust of the oil cooler. Already heated by passage through the oil cooler, #3 cylinder typically ran hotter than the other three. The added heat stress caused the early failure of the #3 exhaust valve.
Modern Times
Post-war development of the Volkswagen saw a steady increase in engine displacement and thus waste heat. Engine failures followed the now familiar pattern of #3 cylinder swallowing its exhaust valve. But no significant changes were made in either air flow or oil cooler efficiency until 1971, when Volkswagen finally bit the bullet and redesigned the blower housing to accept a larger fan. At the same time they adopted an oil cooler having a higher heat transfer rate and moved it to a new location outside of the blower housing, thus making it an external oil cooler.
The redesigned oil cooler was housed in a 'dog-house' attached to the front of the blower housing. After passing through the oil cooler the heated air was ducted out of the engine compartment.
The new oil cooler is the same design used on the Porsche and Corvair. Volkswagen used it earlier on the pancake engines used to power Type III's.
The dog-house style oil coolers have enough excess capacity to handle engines with displacements of 2000cc.
Aftermarket Stuff
Within a few years of their introduction to the southwestern United States it was clear that the Volkswagen had a problem keeping a cool head. Driven at highway speeds when the temperature was above 90 degrees Fahrenheit insured your bug wouldn't last very long. Early bug owners quickly learned they had to keep their foot out of it or cross the desert at night. For bus owners it was even more of a problem. The deserts of the southwest were a lot farther from northern Europe than VW ever imagined.
Those of us adventurous enough to do our own repairs had good evidence that our engines would last longer if we could get the oil cooler out of the blower housing. The usual method was to make a hose adaptor that fit where the oil cooler normally mounted, allowing us to put the oil cooler somewhere else, usually in front of the air inlet to the blower housing so as to get the benefit of the air flow. This didn't work very well due to the small size of the stock oil cooler so a variety of alternatives were tried, including heater cores and refrigeration coils. A large heater core appeared to be the perfect solution since they were widely available (they had remote heaters that mounted under the rear seats) and most of them worked very well... until the first cold morning, when they would burst. Refrigeration coils also looked good, and even worked after a fashion, but the diameter of refrigeration tubing was rather small. By the time you had enough of it to do a good job of cooling, the flow of oil was so restricted that you were liable to suffer a bearing failure, rather than swallowing #3.
The interim solution was to use war surplus aircraft oil coolers. You could mount two of them across the air inlet behind the fan housing and no matter how large an engine you were running (some of us tried modified motorcycle cylinders; others used Corvair jugs) your engine would never overheat.
Mounting the oil cooler over the air inlet was of course a compromise since it pre-heated the cooling air. But it was a better solution since it distributed the heat stress to all four cylinders rather than roasting #3.
By the late 1960's tube-type aftermarket oil coolers were available specifically for Volkswagens. Unfortunately, tube-type coolers have a host of problems: Most offer too much restriction and many are made of copper and burst with depressing regularity. On the cheaper models the cooling fins are not brazed to the tube but simply pressed in place, presenting the heat flow with a high-resistance path. VW owners seriously interested in durability stuck with Corvair, Porsche and Harrison (aircraft- type) oil coolers.
Most recently, a steel plate-type cooler has become available. Intended to serve as a utility radiator for both lubricating oil and transmission fluid, it was never aimed at the Volkswagen market, although it was quickly adopted. The oil cooler (which is available from J. C. Whitney [s/n 38XX1483T, about $50] and others) may be mounted away from the engine when used with an auxiliary fan, or to the back of the blower housing. Its steel construction insures against leaks and while steel is not as good a conductor of heat as aluminum, the large size of the radiator makes it suitable for engines up to 2400cc.
Bernie Bergmann has made up a kit around this cooler, including fittings, thermostatically controlled valve, hose, auxiliary fan and thermostatically controlled fan switch. (See the supplier list for Bernie's address & phone.)
General Conclusions
An external oil cooler is not required on dog-house engines up to 2000cc.
Do not use a tube-type oil cooler.
When installing an external oil cooler use AN8 (1/2") aircraft type fittings and high pressure oil hose with an internal diameter of 1/2". Racers and those serious about durability use Aeroquip fittings and hose, or their non-aircraft certified counterpart.
When mounted away from the air inlet, an auxiliary fan is required. The fan is normally wired in series with a thermostatically controlled switch.
Final Conclusions
When you install an external oil cooler you are doing something VW should have done in the first place, and which they got around to in 1971. This 'Better Late Than Never' brand of retro-fit engineering also applies to oil filters and hydraulic cam followers, which VW incorporated in its late Type IV engines.
The smartest move you can make when installing an external oil cooler is to install it in conjunction with a full-flow oil filtration system, in which case it is installed downstream of the filter, usually on the other side of a thermostatically controlled valve.
Depending on the plumbing runs, an external oil cooler and filter will increase your oil capacity by about 1.3 quarts. Aside from doubling the life of your engine the most significant change you'll see is a slightly longer warm-up time. With a filter installed you can extend your oil change period to 3,000 miles (non-dusty conditions).
